Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence,[7][43] a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. [48], Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. [16], Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. [17] Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. office in the Tuscan port of Leghorn Jefferson, Copyright the Secretary of State, Travels of "[7], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. They drew up the Treaty of Vienna, which gave the grand ducal throne to Don Carlos, Duke of Parma. relations. Although the U.S. Continental Congress appointed a Commissioner It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. Tuscany is richer than most of the nations on Italy, having more than five times the GDP of the United Papal States, about three times that of the Emirate of Sicily and about two times of that of Apulia, while only Lombardy and Piedmont have a larger GDP. The last representative of Tuscany to the United States was G.B. Tuscany joined World War I in the pro-ally side, such as all of the northern nations excepting Genoa, Sicily and Sardinia. No views 55 seconds ago Welcome To Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Tuscany, although part of NATO, was of center-left tendencies. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. At that time the Habsburgs' efforts had only managed to muster a standing army of 3,000 poorly-trained troops. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. However, the constitution was so radically new that it garnered opposition even from those who might have benefited from it. [17], Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed by President Franklin Pierce on November 1, 1854. the more powerful states in the peninsula, as well as having one of the most Siena was ruled by a governor appointed by the grand duke. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. The Etruscans were the most powerful nation on Italy until the rise of Rome. [38], Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. On 1569, Cosimo de'Medici was further elevated into the Grand Dux of Tuscany. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent Capital: Florence State Religion: Catholic Language(s): Italian, French Currency: Italian lira, French franc Government Type: Duchy Ideology: Religious Power . He was excommunicated by Alexander VI and he declared war upon Pisa, which misserably failed and led to widespread plague and famine. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. high probability that the Grand Duke would refuse to receive him in Florence [56] On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. It peaked under Cosimo III. The annual revenue . An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von sterreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. [66], In 1631, the grand duke sent 7,000 troops (6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry) to join Wallenstein's army in support of the Emperor during the Thirty Years War. However, the constitution was so radically new that it garnered opposition even from those who might have benefited from it. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. From 1629 to 1630 he also sent 6,000 troops to join the Spanish in the War of the Mantuan Succession, plus a naval detachment and funds to pay for 4,000 Swiss mercenaries. Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish Infante. The army consisted of from 7,000 to 8,000 men, who were levied by a sort of conscription, and served for six years. A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio. Tuscany started becoming more and more stable. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. On 22 March 1860, after a referendum that voted overwhelmingly (95%[7]) in favour of a union with Sardinia; Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[54]. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. [1], Despite no formality of relations, both countries made several attempts to sign a treaty of commerce. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. necessity in order to maintain trade and commercial ties. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. [1] Ombrosi's appointment was refused by Grand Duke Ferdinand. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the War of the Austrian Succession, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( Italian: Granducato di Toscana, Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. Tuscany, Under the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, flourished in its Austrian connections at the cost of tense Italian relations, Located in central Italy. These are: Tuscany also has the Capital District of Florence. Despite his merits, most his subjects still dismissed him as a foreigner. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. Transl. Tuscany was divided into the dpartements of Arno, Mditerrane and Ombrone. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Florence became the cultural centre of the world, but militarily it got weaker until the Duchy of Milan forced Florence to submit to some terms that reduced the sovereignty of it. Releases, Administrative [31] The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. [3] Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. However, the size and quality of the duchy's militia varied throughout its existence, as did its army. Izard was charged on February 4, 1778, with trying to secure a loan from the Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. [41] Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions decayed and powerless by the rule of Ferdinando II. Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[clarification needed] for the role of sovereign. In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the Revolutions of 1848. To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. He was then tortured and executed by Fiorentine functionaries, and killed on May 1498. Tuscany, good ties with the British Navy in the Mediterranean were a Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. NATO on blue, Warsaw Pact on red, gray is disputed. last representative of Tuscany in the United States was G.B. For a while, after the reign of the Dux Piero de' Medici the Unfortunate, Girolamo Savonarola ascended to the throne. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. [68] The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. There were no bilateral treaties or agreements between the United States and It established a revolutionary commune. Former Italian state (1569-1801; 1815-1859) Coordinates: 43N 11E / 43N 11E / Grand Duchy of TuscanyMagnus Ducatus Etruriae (Latin)Granducato di Toscana (Italian) 1569-1801 1814-1859 1859-1860: The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. It peaked under Cosimo III. [19] Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the Kingdom of Etruria under the house of Bourbon-Parma, in compensation for their loss of Duchy of Parma. Page 322. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. After the destruction of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne, it became a county first, and then a march. Login Store Home Discovery Queue Wishlist Points Shop News Stats Routledge: 1997. Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. The duchy was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, after which it was formally abolished and integrated into a new Italian state. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY Latitude and Longitude: 43N 11E / 43N 11E / Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. The Duchy maintained good ties with England and its navy in the Mediterranean to maintain trade and commercial ties. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548), conquered Siena (in 1555) and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. During the reign of the Medici, which transformed the Republic of Florence into the Duchy of Florence and then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Renainssance started. He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor Pope Paul V was also pro-Medici. Upon arrival, he abdicated in favour of his elder son, Ferdinand. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. [11] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. Please add suggestions on the talk page. In February 1849, Leopold II had to abandon Tuscany to Republicans and sought refuge in the Neapolitan city of Gaeta. To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. For legal recognition, Cosimo bought the granducal title from his feudal overlord the Holy Roman Emperor for 100,000 ducats. This created great civil unrest. Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. [52][53], The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement, the Congress of Vienna, ceded the State of Presidi to a restored Tuscany. On 1527, as the city of Rome itself was on siege, the Medici were deposed. After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last . Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. Grand Duke Ferdinand I sought to expand Tuscany's naval strength during his reign, and cooperated with the Order of Saint Stephen, which often blurred the line between itself and the Tuscan navy. List of Prime Ministers of the United States of America (A United Kingdom of Scandinavia), Atheism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism. Garibaldis march to liberate the Kingdom of The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. Leopold was contemporarily acknowledged as a liberal monarch. Page 102. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. states voted to join Piedmont-Sardinia, with the ultimate goal of unifying Don Carlos became King of Naples shortly after his arrival in Florence in 1735, by the Treaty of Turin. On 30November 1786, after having defacto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. HISTORICAL COATS OF ARMS OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY House of Medici. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Related: Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Kingdom of Sardinia - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia - Duchy of Lucca Franklin, Thomas A provisional republic was established in his stead. Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Coat of Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Great Coat of Arms (1765-1800, 1815-1848, 1849-1860) File history. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. United States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Izzard never arrived in Tuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him in Florence for fear of upsetting the British. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. [12] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. liberal political systems. clear that the Grand Duke would not recognize the United States, Izards Monroe on November 6, 1817. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. Information, United States Department of War broke up on the early 15th Century. Tuscany, Benjamin However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576. Great Britain. [46] On July9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line.[47]. On the late 1700s and early 1800s the Medici and later the Habsburg dynasty on Tuscany weakened. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. However, Giovanni was able to become the pope, and became Pope Leo X. of the United States early-on was beneficial to U.S. trade and commerce. History of the Art of War." Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement, the Congress of Vienna, ceded the State of Presidi to a restored Tuscany. the duchy of Capistrano and Citta di Penna in the kingdom of Naples. Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish Infante. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Leopold himself died in 1792. [2], The Duchy appointed John F. Mansony as their first representative to the U.S. also as exequatur as Consul for the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut residing in Boston whose appointment was signed by President Monroe on November 6, 1817. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. [7] The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at Geertruidenberg when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased his daughter, the Electress Palatine, she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in Livorno. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548), conquered Siena (in 1555) and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. The Great Depression didn't hit Tuscany as far as other Italian nations such as Venezia and Piedemont. Page 322. After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last . Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. [64], In response to the Trkenkriege during the Long Turkish War starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). Cosimo was born in Florence, on June 12, 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Giovanni dalle Bande Nere from Forl and Maria Salviati. In 1533, Alessandro de'Medici was crowned as Dux of Florence, ending the Florentine Republic and creating the Duchy of Florence. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico"", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. The Golden Florin was made, the first gold-based coin made on great quantities since the Byzantine 7th century coins, enough to play a significant roll on commerce on the trade routes based on Florence. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the United States never established diplomatic Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 June 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Ludovico de' Medici (known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere) and his wife Maria Salviati, herself a . residence at Boston) was signed by President James Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1815 to 1847. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. Date/Time Status of the, Quarterly [55] Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. Resumed his rule, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723 most his subjects still dismissed him as foreigner... 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