hannah rothschild 1878

Owner of enormous amounts of land and two fortunes - one from his father and one from his wife Hannah de Rothschild who had died in 1890 - Rosebery exploited to the opportunities afforded him by his class and wealth, becoming Prime Minister in 1894-5. Once renovation was complete in 1882, Rosebery used it as a private retreat from his family, and began to spend his nights there alone. II-90 Rumours began to circulate that the Roseberys, and Lady Rosebery in particular, were at the bottom of Dilke's misfortune.[81]. She was a companion to her hypochondriac mother and, in later life, a hostess with her father during her mother's long periods of indisposition. She was the granddaughter of Nathan Mayer Rothschild, who had founded N M Rothschild & Sons, the English branch of the Rothschilds' banking empire. The Mentmore estate alone was serviced by three schools founded by her at Wingrave, Cheddington and Mentmore itself. Her children later related how their father honored his wifes religion: at the end of each Day of Atonement, Lord Rosebery would take up to her bedroom a tray of food to break her fast and then they would sit together quietly talking for the rest of the night. Roth, Cecil. She was the granddaughter of Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild, who had founded N M Rothschild & Sons, the English branch of the Rothschilds' banking empire. After inheriting her father's fortune in 1874, she became the richest woman in Britain. Harcourt was the son of Sir, Luton Times and Advertiser Saturday 7 August 1875, McKinstry, p. 77 mentions (among others) chiefly. palais rothschild 4 berzik 26 (prince eugne strasse) 1879-1884. maintenant l'ambassade du brsil vienne. Her father died in 1874, leaving his daughter one of the wealthiest women in England. The Earls of Rosebery, whose family name was Primrose, were old, if undistinguished, members of the Scottish aristocracy. Illinois Deaths Name: Hannah L. Rothschild [Hannah L. Loeb] Birth Date: 22 Aug 1881 Birth Place: Chicago, Illinois Death Date: 9 Jan 1938 Death Place: Chicago, Cook, Illinois Burial Date: 11 Jan 1938 Burial Place: Chicago, Cook, Illinois Cemetery Name: Graceland Crematory Death Age: 56 Occupation: Housewife Race:. In 1889 he was elected chairman of the newly formed London County Council. [80] Dilke denied everything, but his hopes of high political office were ruined forever. [citation needed], There is no evidence that Lady Rosebery drove her husband to follow her own political agenda, or that of her family. Mentmore; Sir Frances Watson KCVO; Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, London, 1977, Deidre, Lady Rosebery, in her history of Dalmeny House gives the name of the yacht as Zenaide; however, contemporary reports of Baroness Meyer's death name the yacht as Czarina (see:Cheltenham Looker-On Saturday 17 March 1877). (Viewed on January 18, 2023) . Rosebery seems to have disliked his first son, who he claimed looked "Jewish. However, much evidence suggests that Rosebery, while professing to be happy, was at times irritated and bored by Hannah, who was always keen to accommodate his every whim. Records may include photos, original documents, family history, relatives, specific dates, locations and full names. New York: Macmillan Company, 1964. At the age of seventeen, it was she who formally received the Prince of Wales when he visited Mentmore. Pardes Hanna, which as of 2019 had a population of 43,000, is one of 10 cities, towns or settlements in the State of Israel bearing the name of a Rothschild. Political leaders urged Lady Rosebery to influence him, but she defended his decision, while stressing that his deterioration in health was only temporary. As a result, she was never allowed to enter the cottages on the Rothschilds' estates. [sic][70] However it was not just Gladstone and Rosebery the huge crowds had come to see, but also the dutifully supporting and smiling families. The yacht was later brought by Mr Albert Brassy (See: Northern Whig Monday 6 September 1886), Reminiscences, Battersea, Constance, Alpha Edition, 2019. p. 51, London Evening Standard Wednesday 12 May 1869, Two quotes by Queen Victoria from Ferguson, p. 773. [31] In fact, she was to be the third daughter of the family's English branch to marry outside of the Jewish faith,[32] but such was the fame of the bridegroom and the resultant publicity that the Jewish elders and press felt an example needed to be made. During their marriage the Roseberys travelled extensively, usually without their children. Presented to Hannah Rothschild by the Earl of Rosebery upon the occasion of their marriage Exhibited Japan, Jewellery from Renaissance to Art Dco: 1540-1940 , Tokyo 24 April-1 July 2003; Fukuoka 12 July-24 August 2003; Nagoya 30 August-23 September 2003; Kyoto 25 October-30 November 2003, no. Quote attributed to Lady Rosebery writing to Hamilton on 16 December 1885. Primrose would later serve as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 5 March 1894 to 22 June 1895; he never sat in the House of Commons and, like others in that situation, found it difficult to lead a government from the Lords. A year later a bomb landed on the empty site during World War II. Such was still the fame of her parents that London traffic was brought to a standstill on her wedding day in 1899. More revealing is a comment Lady Rosebery herself made to her husband, "I sometimes think it is wrong that I have thought less of the children in comparison to you"[58] shortly before her death in 1890, suggesting that when a choice between her children and husband was forced on her, she always chose her husband. He owned 40,000 acres in Scotland, and land in Norfolk, Hertfordshire, and Kent. Throughout all this, Gladstone was supported not only by the popular and charismatic Rosebery but also by an array of well-dressed women including Lady Rosebery and Gladstone's daughter Mary. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. According to family correspondence, Hannah spent many of her childhood years riding and hunting; because of over-exertion in these activities she had to spend one year totally on her back. After inheriting her father's fortune in 1874, she became the richest woman in Britain. Hannah remained loyal to her faith as a Jew after her marriage and was a member of the Central Synagogue in London. mother Levi Barent Cohen father Benjamin Barent Cohen She also donated to numerous other charities connected with Jewish causes. "[47] Having toured and been fted in America, the party moved on to Australia via Honolulu. However, antisemitic feelings were prevalent in the upper echelons of society, particularly so among those closest to the Queen at court, where following the death of the Prince Consort in 1861 the Rothschilds became pointedly excluded. Hannah Mary Rothschild was born on 22 May 1962. [94], The Queen had thoroughly liked Lady Rosebery and wrote Rosebery several letters of condolence, likening his loss to the untimely death of her own consort, Prince Albert. As early as 1876, there were rumours of an engagement. [43], Her funeral was held on 25 November 1890 at Willesden Jewish Cemetery. Nothing conclusive has ever been found one way or the other, but it is possible that he had homosexual experiences while in the care of a paedophile housemaster at Eton in his youth. In 1883 she traveled round the world with her husband, reaching Australia and returning by way of India. In between, occasional days and the weeklong Derby meeting would be spent at their home "The Durdans" in Epsom. Ironically, Hannah herself had opposed the marriage of her cousin Annie de Rothschild to the Christian Eliot Yorke, the son of the Earl of Hardwicke, in 1866. Hence her seeming lack of attention to her children was not unusual she was following the upper class conventions and "stiff upper lip" philosophies of her era. In 2018, Hannah was made Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for services to Literature and Philanthropy. Rosebery's possible homosexuality has been much discussed in recent times. The marriage was celebrated in London on 20 March 1878, a civil ceremony being performed at the register office in Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, and also in a Christian ceremony at Christ Church in Down Street, Piccadilly. . As a mother, Lady Rosebery was presented with a dilemma: she was in fact already practically a mother to her husband who had no great feeling for a proximity to small babies. [44] Early in the marriage Rosebery decided to renovate the small ruined Barnbougle Castle (the original Rosebery family seat), close to, and within sight of, Dalmeny House. London: Macmillan and Co., 1922. The couples shared many interests, including horseracing and collecting art and books. Not only were the children educated at her expense by trained teachers, each was also provided with seasonal gifts of new clothes. [88], One of her more pioneering and innovative charitable causes was the oral instruction of what were then called the deaf and dumb. Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery ne de Rothschild; 27 July 1851 - 19 November 1890, she was the daughter of Baron Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana ( ne Cohen). "[92] Proof of the widespread belief in society that Lady Rosebery was the stable element of the partnership was confirmed shortly after her death, by Queen Victoria, following a then rare public speech by Rosebery, in which he supported Home Rule for Ireland. [12] Lady Battersea claimed that Hannah was so sheltered that the phrase "'the poor'" was "merely a phraseology for her". This factor also worked in reverse; while Hannah de Rothschild was keen to marry Rosebery, she was also aware of many obstacles, the foremost being that she was devoted to her faith, and to leave it would be a severe moral wrench. Hannah Rothschild, Director: Eddie Loves Mary. Hannah also faced obstacles from her own family, and the wider Jewish community, who were publicly against the union. Sir Charles Dilke, considered as a likely replacement for Gladstone,[79] and thus a rival to Rosebery in government, was implicated in one of the most scandalous and ruinous divorce cases of the era. Roseberys declared ambitions were to marry an heiress, own a horse that won the Derby and be Prime Minister. Born the only child of Baron Meyer Amschel de Rothschild and Juliana Cohen. Hannah also had an interest in photography, and maintained a photographic studio at Mentmore. The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878. He died from wounds received in action in Palestine in 1917, falling in action on the same day as his cousin, Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (1886-1917), son of Leopold de Rothschild (1845-1917) and Marie (ne Perugia) (1862-1937). Date if known in the title. Have an update or correction? Hannah de Rothschild and her mother in the Grand Hall at, Gladstone's second government (18801885), Town named after Hannah Primrose in Israel, On a tour of America before his marriage, Rosebery had been impressed by the campaigning of prospective political candidates; in Britain little had changed in that respect since the, One of her more pioneering and innovative charitable causes was the, Her funeral was held on 25 November 1890 at. [3] She subsequently became a political hostess and philanthropist. At the request of Queen Victoria, she served as President for Scotland of the Jubilee Nurses Institute. In his futile quest to exonerate himself, and grasping at rumour, Dilke wrote to Rosebery accusing Lady Rosebery of having paid Virginia to make the confession. These came in the form of whispers and anonymous letters. She founded schools in all the villages surrounding the Roseberys' estates. Niall Ferguson states in his History of the House of Rothschild that by the mid-19th century the Rothschilds regarded themselves as the nearest thing the Jews of Europe had to a royal family, and the equals of royalty. She maintained the tradition of philanthropic works that she learned from her parents and remained a loyal Jew, despite marrying a Christian man. [23] His father had died when he was eight and he had been brought up by his mother, who had subsequently married Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland. Like his brothers, he bought land in Buckinghamshire. Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery, Britain: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women, Copyright 19982023, Jewish Women's Archive. [39], There were times when Lady Rosebery's devotion to her husband was tested. [69] Lady Rosebery reported, "I had never heard Archie (Lord Rosebery) speak in public politically before, but after the first minute I felt I could never be nervous at his making a speech the audience show him great affection." Hannahs father was a great collector of paintings and objets dart, which he kept at Mentmore. McKinstry, p. 120, attributes this to a letter to Constance Leconfield of 20 October 1883. In between, occasional days and the week-long Derby meeting would be spent at their home 'The Durdans' in Epsom; Rosebery'shorses won the Derby in 1894, 1895 and 1905. Even as late as 1931, in a similar situation, the uncomprehending wife of, Sotheby's, Sale Catalogue (1995), p. 13. It was even whispered that his Barnbougle Castle retreat was really a venue for clandestine assignations with young men. Those who saw the couple alone at home "could not doubt the affection as well as the comprehension that united them". Lady de Rothschild and Her Daughters. Winston Churchill thought him maimed by her death, and later said of her "she was a remarkable woman on whom Rosebery leaned, she was ever a pacifying and composing element in his life which he was never able to find again because he could never give full confidence to anyone else."[100]. She was first introduced to her future husband, Archibald Primrose, the Earl. Quote attributed to a letter from Lady Rosebery to Lady Leconfield 4 December 1879. Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith; at this time, it was inconceivable that any children could be raised as Jews. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos . However, his wife's ambition and part in his rise to power was not only being recognised in high places, but clearly starting to irritate. In the Jewish community she was a generous, though often anonymous benefactor, but took a public interest in the school for the deaf and dumb founded by her mother. Hannah de Rothschild, Countess Rosebery from 1878, was born on 27 July 1851, the only child of Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818-1874) and Juliana (ne Cohen) (1831-1877). Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty, authors such as Henry James and Oscar Wilde, and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time. Archibald Philip Primrose (1847-1929) had inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868, aged 21, together with an income of 30,000 a year. Lord Rosebery writing just after his wife's death; Crewe, Vol 2, p. 379. [54] While her husband sulked or withdrew with hurt pride from a situation, she came to the forefront to plead his case or cause. On March 20, 1878, Hannah married Philip Archibald Primrose, fifth Earl of Rosebery (18471929), to whom she had apparently been introduced when she was seventeen years old by Mrs. Disraeli at Newmarket. As the Marquess of Crewe put it "she had cut her spurs". Hannah continued her fathers collecting and made catalogues of the items displayed at Mentmore. He owned 40,000acres (160km) in Scotland, and land in Norfolk, Hertfordshire, and Kent. I never knew such a beautiful character." Dilke claimed the whole thing was an embroidery of lies and conspiracies by his political enemies. "[84] Rosebery was now on the path to political greatness, but Gladstone's government fell the same year. The collections at Mentmore were meticulously catalogued by her in memory of her father, to whom she had been devoted. [6] In addition to Mentmore, Baron and Baroness Meyer de Rothschild had a large house in London, 107 Piccadilly, and The Zenaide, a luxurious yacht, upon which Hanna's mother died in 1877, the year before her marriage. Hannah learned much about art from him. "[64], Rosebery was not a natural politician. The newspaper went on to describe Rosebery as looking like a prosperous farmer. This view had softened by 1885. Crewe gives the date as 1 January, but 3 January is the date given by Rosebery in his letter. Lady Rosebery had an angry row with Gladstone's wife,[77] where Mrs Gladstone pointed out that if Rosebery resigned he would have nothing but horse racing to interest him, and that Lady Rosebery should be patient as her husband was young. The marriage provided the impetus for Meyer to create what he described as "an enduring monument",[6] a country house of monumental proportions. Custom Content. Henry James, an occasional guest in the Roseberys' homes,[28] delivered one of the most unflattering condemnations of Lady Rosebery describing her as "large, coarse, Hebrew-looking with hair of no particular colour and personally unattractive".[36]. Her cousin Lady Battersea wrote that during her married life she hardly, if ever, attended a church service and continued to support generously all the Jewish institutions in which she had been interested. Thus Lady Rosebery not only pushed and encouraged him behind the scenes but was now to become an encouraging and conspicuous figure by his side. The couples older daughter was later named Sybil (18791955) after the heroine of Disraelis novel. "Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery." In 1836, Nathan Mayer Rothschild's widow, Hannah, bought a few acres of land at Mentmore in Buckinghamshire for her sons so that they could take healthy exercise away from the city. "[105] Neil, the second of the Roseberys' sons, entered politics and a promising future was foretold for him. She was very ambitious for her husband and lived to see him enter the government in 1881, after helping Gladstone with his campaign in Midlothian, serving as Undersecretary of State for Home Affairs, then as Lord Privy Seal and finally as Foreign Secretary in 1886. He withdrew from politics for some time after her death but later returned to his position of Foreign Minister in a new Gladstone administration, becoming Prime Minister between March 1894 and June 1895. She dismissed Lord Spencer with "I can never look on him as a great motive power, besides he does not mention Archie [Rosebery] to me. [110][111] This is part of tradition of having cities, towns and other settlements in Israel named in honor of members of the Rothschild family, primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), upon the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel. During this period serious (if unproven) charges of plotting and ruthless ambition were about to be levelled against Lady Rosebery. [13] Whatever the faults of her education, she possessed great confidence, impressing her Rothschild relations, who noted her poise and competence when she hosted a large house party at Mentmore for the Prince of Wales while only 17 years of age. Young, p. 18, in his authorised biography of Lady Rosebery's son states "Most people at the time (of Hannah Rosebery's marriage) were casually antisemitic, despite the Prince of Wales hob-nobbing with Jewish financiers". On her trip to Australia with her husband she went to services at the synagogue in Melbourne. Gladstone had nominally retired from politics after losing his Greenwich seat in 1874, when Disraeli had been swept to power. The quotation, originally from the Babylonian Talmud, can be taken to mean that the elders, respected, and more notable Jews should set a good example by strictly following the teachings of the Jewish articles of faith, which forbid marriage to members of other religions. the rothschild family ( / r ( s) tald / roth (s)-chylde, german: [ot.lt]) is a wealthy ashkenazi jewish family originally from frankfurt that rose to prominence with mayer amschel rothschild (1744-1812), a court factor to the german landgraves of hesse-kassel in the free city of frankfurt, holy roman empire, who established his banking She married Philip Archibald Primrose in 1878 and devoted the rest of her life to her husband and marriage. Old Original Antique Victorian Print Antique Print Of Marriage Earl Rosebery Miss Hannah Rothschild Civil Ceremony 1878 An antique full page print from the Illustrated London News. However, in spite of their prolonged absences from their children, the Roseberys do not appear to have been very distant or remote figures in the earliest stages of their children's lives. [24] To show "official" disapproval, no male member of the Rothschild family attended the ceremonies. Agent: Sarah Chalfant The Wylie Agency 17 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3JA Tel +44 020 7908 5900 | Fax +44 020 7908 5901 Email: schalfant@wylieagency.co.uk EVENTS 2022 JOURNALISM McKinstry, p. 149. Her father had died four years previously in 1874, and bequeathed to her the bulk of his estate. Amazon.com: Society Wedding 1878 Nthe Civil Wedding Ceremony In London Of The Earl Of Rosebery To Miss Hannah Rothschild Only Child Of The Banker Baron Mayer De Rothschild Wood Engraving From A Contemporary Engli: Posters & Prints 'Opening of Hope'), also known as Em HaMoshavot (lit. Hannah Rothschild is a British author of biography, fiction and art novels. [3] British Aristocracy. On being told that Lady Rosebery was very keen for her husband to become Foreign Secretary, Gladstone replied "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her. His mother was a distant figure, and their relationship was always strained. The Liberals did not return to office until 1892. She is a director and producer, known for Eddie Loves Mary (2002), The Jazz Baroness (2009) and To the Studio: Frank Auerbach (2001). Rosebery, a self-centred, reserved man, prone to depression, pessimism and insecurity, had a difficult relationship with his mother, who had been distant and openly preferred his younger brother. Queen Victoria appointed her president of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses in Scotland, the beginning of the district nurse system, which was to revolutionise health care for the rural poor and sick in Britain. Always an insomniac, he claimed that the "stillness of the waters" [the nearby Firth of Forth] "were conducive to sleep".[45]. [18] The Disraelis were close friends and neighbours of the Rothschilds in Buckinghamshire. The marriage produced four children: Lady Sybil Primrose, born in 1879; Lady Margaret Primrose, born in 1881; the heir Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (later 6th Earl of Rosebery), born in 1882; and finally the Honourable Neil Primrose, born the same year as his elder brother. She gauged the character of her fellow creatures with great perspicacity.. McKinstry, p. 74 states:"Anti-Semitism was a powerful force in late Victorian England". > hannah von rothschild (1850-1892) . There she founded the Club for Jewish Working Girls. The Earl and Countess had four childen: Lady Sybil Primrose (1879-1955), Lady Margaret 'Peggy' Primrose (1881-1967), Albert (Harry) Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (later 6th Earl of Rosebery) (1882-1974) and Neil Primrose (1881-1917). [28] Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith;[29] at this time, it was inconceivable that any children could be reared as Jews. [65] Two years after her death, friends were still concerned that he was suicidal. She was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Willesden in London with full Jewish rites, although it was apparent from a note he wrote to Queen Victoria that this was particularly painful for her husband. She is the eldest child of Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, and his wife, Serena Dunn Rothschild. He was highly intelligent, and a brilliant future was forecast for him by his tutors at both Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Hannah was to devote the rest of her life to her husband and her marriage. Their arrival in New York was widely reported, and a full and flattering description of Lady Rosebery was reported in The Herald. A further sale of the "Continental Library," to which she had added, was conducted in 1995 at the Aeolian Hall, London, by Sotheby's. He died in 1929. Hannah maintained the tradition of philanthropic works that she had learned from her parents. [78] The Roseberys then immediately left England and their children for a long trip to America and Australia. She also helped her husband build up his rare book collection. British Aristocracy. [5], Hannah de Rothschild's father Baron Meyer Amschel de Rothschild married his cousin Juliana Cohen in 1850. [96] In 1890 she accepted a luncheon invitation from Lady Rosebery's cousin Ferdinand de Rothschild and toured Waddesdon Manor albeit eating in a separate dining room to the Jewish members of the party. I never knew such a beautiful creature. After her death, Edward Hamilton, a close friend of Rosebery from his days at Eton, opined that her judgment as a whole was singularly sound and calm having the power of seeing through people quickly. "[83] Early the following year Gladstone was returned to power and Rosebery was appointed Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's third but brief term of office. Her good sense and presence of mind - she had often deputised for her mother on grand social occasions at Mentmore - was to make her an ideal political wife. [105] Lady Crewe became one of the first women magistrates in Britain; she died in 1955. His final years were blighted by ill health and a self-enforced seclusion in Scotland. Together the Earl and Countess of Rosebery added greatly to not only the Mentmore collection but also to that housed at Dalmeny House, Rosebery's Scottish seat, amassing a great library of rare and continental volumes and a collection of artefacts formerly belonging to the Emperor Napoleon I. 31 December 1999. Lady Rosebery was very taken with California, from where she wrote: "The inhabitants are very entertaining the women are very handsome, think nothing of dresses costing 80, "fix up" their faces very frequently and are generally divorced. It had been rumoured that the position of Viceroy of Ireland or a cabinet place would be proffered,[74] but it turned out to be the job of Under Secretary of the India Office. However, within a week of her death her husband began to cancel many of these subscriptions, prompting charges of antisemitism. The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878,[34] a day Rosebery forever afterwards regarded as sacred. [71] However, immediately upon assuming the job he began to demand a place in the cabinet. He died in 1929. After twelve years of marriage, the Countess of Rosebery died at Dalmeny on November 19, 1890, at the age of thirty-nine, from typhoid fever complicated by Brights disease. Hannah Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery . The Cousinhood. Breger, Jennifer. McKinstry, p. 75. When pressed further he cited ill healthhe had been suffering from scarlet fever during the Midlothian campaign and now also appeared to be suffering a minor nervous breakdown. [17], Hannah de Rothschild was first introduced to her future husband, the 28-year-old Earl of Rosebery, by Lady Beaconsfield, the wife of Benjamin Disraeli, at Newmarket Racecourse. The author. As is the Jewish tradition, the service was attended only by male mourners, who included most members of Gladstone's cabinet. When assessing Lady Rosebery's behaviour to her children it should be remembered that she lived in an era of plentiful nannies, wet nurses, nursemaids and governesses which the upper classes employed as the norm. Rosebery's frequent absences from his wife fuelled gossip that he was a secret homosexual. [8][9][10], As an only child growing up in what were, in all but name, palaces, her childhood appears to have been lonely. Like many other women of her class and era, Lady Rosebery patronised a great number of charities. This property was transformed into one of London's most luxurious town houses. Once, when talking with his daughter Sybil, he asked her what mourning she thought her mother would have worn had the situation been reversed. [60] Marriage to her altered Rosebery's status, too: while his wife acquired Christian respectability and a title, Rosebery moved from being one of many wealthy and capable young noblemen to being one with unfathomable riches. [66] On a tour of America before his marriage, Rosebery had been impressed by the campaigning of prospective political candidates; in Britain little had changed in that respect since the hustings of the 18th century. She was also interested in general improvements in standards of nursing. Rosebery, who has been described as febrile and supercilious,[41] replied in a letter of congratulations on the birth of his heir from Mary Gladstone: "I cannot pretend to be much excited by an event which occurs to almost every human being and which may cause me a great deal of annoyance." Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty, authors such as Henry James and Oscar Wilde, and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time. Between the death of his father, in 1851, and the death of his grandfather, the 4th Earl, in 1868, he was known by the courtesy title of Lord Dalmeny. 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Jewish Cemetery all the villages surrounding the Roseberys travelled extensively, usually without their children the!