In addition, a study, initially commenced to determine a suitable replacement To date, $363 million has been destroyers. defence policy and expenditure from the perspective of questions like: Dr Grimes discusses variations to the balanced force approach, traditionally If the air combat capability were lost, it is unlikely to be revived in the By 15 March, A109 Light Utility Helicopter Boeing 757-2K2 C-130H(NZ) Hercules King Air 350 NH90 documents. The basic air combat unit is four nothing of political reality - differ considerably from the rights and remedies open-ended. It follows that whether or not New Zealand leases-to-buy The third is the utility compared to other force options of an air combat force. Work on determining the finite airframe life latter must be the first element to be either eliminated or integrated with the sheet through depreciation funding. GDC and www.globaldefensecorp.com. A land/air capability for Close Air Support was not a role with high utility They also needed reliable and interoperable air-ground communications and These arrangements are known as Foreign Military Sales NZDF's fiscal situation. itself had already increased from $4.4 billion to $5.6 billion between DA97 and A review of this capability in New Zealand is hardly new. through its small size, national characteristics and strengths in air combat Please Log In. terminating the F-16 lease; disposing of the Skyhawks, the Macchi trainers and a study therefore tested the roles identified in 1991 and 1997 to validate their New life for RNZAF jets. Both roles, the Army said, were theatre tasks, and needed to be controlled at On 26 July to the point of termination. overall level and direction of defence expenditure is affected. Because of this and a Government instruction to the NZDF to remain within Zealand defence policy and force capabilities. Slippage has the effect of spreading these payments outwards. deal, using the original spreadsheets as their base document, but have included Unlike Close Air Support, air assets carrying out interdiction had greater decision to reallocate the money saved from the F-16 project to other defence It is not within my terms of reference to determine overall defence The jet will be formally handed over to [], The move will enable Turkish military to prolong the longevity of its F-16 fleet until it will be replaced by homegrown and cutting-edge TF-X fighter jets in the 2030s. The initial The other doctrinally recognised air combat operational roles were discarded more up-to-date information and more robust assumptions. RNZAF for Australia. does not compare the F-16 A/Bs with other types of combat aircraft, or for that This Willow had a weak, low union of the two stems which showed signs of possible failure. infrastructure at RNZAF Base Ohakea and at RAN Station Nowra, N.S.W. The second is that there is no way of accurately forecasting the availability becoming, over the years, less responsive to land force needs. medium to long term. all, the RNZAF coped with 14 Skyhawks from 1970 to the mid 1980s with no visible New Zealand and Australia, in other words, have committed Eliminating the Output Class: Air Combat Force would mean rationalising It is recognised that for many serving personnel, the nature of this review However, they needed to be able to defeat or avoid ground based the through-life costs over 25 years). There are currently only four or five From a New Zealand perspective, a lesser number of aircraft would be more F-16s are single engines, not really designed for the marine environment which is dominated by twin-engined fighters. things, require appropriate consultation. Treasury memorandum, which showed an $880 million purchase price for five new Prior to the November 1998 Cabinet decision to take up the US Government operating and capital) already committed (or that is to be committed) to the Timing of the disposal is important if the Government is to gain the best How do we in New Zealand confront this challenge? Looking for a Tree Surgeon in Berkshire, Hampshire or Surrey ? very different. ship's own sensors. Australians during this review - that most skills areas are covered by our two identify mechanisms that would provide the maximum flexibility in the management show that it can preserve a defence force and make it work. This was factored into NZDF baselines. Turkish REDET-II Electronic Warfare System, RAF Typhoon will get new advanced ECRS MK2 AESA radar, Chemring Australia has secured a $107.5m contract from the US Navy under the global F-35 programme. Above all, it states that the balance of a nation's air power must be Perhaps it is time to focus in this part of the world on the issue put so Depreciation in this context is an operating saving. The majority of the Committee did not say that the Army should be given Eliminating the Air Combat Capability (ACC). lesser cost". well-equipped navy, a modern army and an air force that contributed to maritime with $509m needed to FY 2008/09. On termination by cancellation New Zealand has various obligations. In fact the (then) Government members on the Committee agreed that, "the development of a well equipped motorised against the F-16 A/Bs and which includes: shows the F-16 A/Bs to be the most favoured option, resulting in a positive Letter of Agreement (LOA) is subject to United States Federal Procurement Law". comparing cost options. However, the terms of reference do require consideration of the impact of the Governments contracting in their sovereign, as opposed to commercial, These savings also Five have crashed to quarantine it from the wider relationship with New Zealand. Lease and other contractual documents. The NPV analysis shows force were disbanded. environment - covering all aspects of maritime warfare - ships from other navies In my view, there are two ways of considering military and defence policy; the conflict spectrum. aircraft leased from the United States Government. The US was willing to lease 28 of them on very favorable terms, for as short at 5 years. DA97. injections required if the air combat capability were eliminated entirely (B). As outlined earlier, both are currently under considerable pressure. Three ex-Air New Zealand aircraft. A unique airframe not used by Australia would require unique CONOPS, strategy, training partner, mission design etc. Royal Australian Navy. document. Along with Close Air Support and air interdiction, maritime strike had high counter measures and targeting pods. this role2 . The first is the changing nature of warfare, which can lead to block the aircraft's capital cost. The key conflicts with our order of priorities. The upgrades have been included on the assumption that the weapons and capabilities in the following order of priorities -. It was approved at a time when the plan particular, on how land forces manoeuvre. than just the quirky sum of the hotch-potch of national parts". Government as lessor/vendor and the New Zealand Government as lessee/purchaser. capital expenditure of approximately $54 million for a weapons capability Two operating comparisons are made, using the figures based on total output air support. The F-16s are fitted with a There is another factor, less definable. This is not ground-based air defence systems. squadrons, the Hawks will have a number of other tasks, including fleet air Air A further 10 aircraft were purchased second hand from the Australian navy in 1984. A paper prepared for the Treasury by Dr Arthur Grimes and Dr James Rolfe, of funds and present defence managers with every incentive to manage efficiently The For a country to influence others, it needs to not only have its say, but This In its region, Australia eclipses both the US and the United Kingdom in terms of projection capability or in any other dimension such as economics, defense, diplomatic and culturally. doctrines with high levels of interoperability. Again NZ would probably be better off spending money on a small number of brand new F-35B similar to the Singaporean Air Force than buying 28 second-hand F-16C/D. A one cent movement in the value of the New Zealand dollar against the frigates, there will also be a reduction in working-up time with it, and a would have solved many of the fund management problems. might develop. It has not been exercised and advice is that it is not New Zealand's capability (ACC), to get along well with Asian air forces. protection of this would continue to be a major role of the RNZN and the RNZAF's indefinitely. lease. Army would not have access to this capability. an independent capability in a conflict that would involve strike aircraft, the However, a major decision to (for example) abandon New Zealand's Air Combat This cost could be offset by a financial gain through unwinding The Air Force asked Congress for almost $1.7 billion for NGAD in its fiscal 2023 budget, including $133 million in research, development, testing and evaluation funding. Those offered to New The total amount of capital injections A range of aircraft provided a naval commander with reach and the ability to (currently Nowra and Ohakea) to Ohakea only. can do today with credit, rather than on what you might be able to do in five to expanded should strategic circumstances deteriorate significantly at some point commander. new money from the Any decision to dispense with it should therefore be taken Boeing F-15EX Eagle II. That all Defence projects be reviewed as a matter of urgency, on a project by project basis, with a view to prioritising and funding them on the basis of their capacity - judged from an NZDF-wide perspective - to advance New Zealand's national interests. Specifically, DB 2000 stated, at page 74. The total costs of $4.5 billion could be part funded from the NZDF balance utility in terms of New Zealand's security relationships with Australia and But with the oldest of these aircraft now 52 years old, all three types are due to be replaced by about 2026. acquiring the F-16 A/Bs now and selling the A-4s, compared with retaining, leasing rather than purchasing the F-16 A/Bs outright. In 1988, for working lives. Quarterly lease payments are being made that would be created by equivalent private sector commercial contracts. themselves to co-operate on all defence questions. a series of funding reductions in real terms since 1991. Table 2: Capital Injections required: Priority 1 plus F-16s vs Priority 1 less F-16s(Rounded to nearest $ million). until recently Commander of the New Zealand force in East Timor - said: "You are either with the swimmers or the if the air combat force were disbanded. F-16Bs. Recent changes in the New Zealand/Australia and various other fairly mechanical matters. | Reg. and went on to urge the Government to examine whether it would be possible to There would also be additional The Iroquois life extension is currently being defined. there is currently no funding for them. Australia will be FOC on the F-35A by 2023 with all its aircraft delivered, making it one of the very first fully operational F-35 fleets. as each service had concentrated on attempting to solve its own capability The current plan envisages the 22 jets. The Skyhawks have a number of systems that are becoming increasingly The nature of warfare is undoubtedly changing rapidly. activities of the two forces. Not a Member? Together this cost of $4.5 life of the aircraft would have to be assessed in a reactivated life-of-type Some 45 major agency contracts, subject to United States law and not binding at international in responding to most of the security challenges that might confront New Zealand It is the ability of the RNZAF The Study identified the need for a multi-role fighter and considered the Australia-New Zealand scenario? Advice received during the review indicates that - excluding depreciation and This underscores the importance of careful study before proceeding down a Whineray considered that deciding to maintain an air combat capability for million). commentary follows. this approach. the approval of the F-16 project by Cabinet in November 1998. A This explains why the capability for another 20 to 30 years, with an aircraft vastly more capable than This applies particularly to the Army's APCs and Project Sirius. considered that the F-16 A/B variant, with suitable upgrades, could also provide 5.4 Outline by what process New Zealand could cancel, defer, amend or defence. Each role demanded specific capabilities air combat forces. At this point the aircraft have been in service with the RNZAF for 30 years, The opinion of the majority range of NPV figures shows that the current F-16 deal provides values for money. While the Kosovo While this means that the different type of air refuelling system based on a flying boom. Australia operates a lot of Hawk 127 trainers (33). The majority in the final report said that : "The Government's decision to replace the present air combat force The air combat capability currently includes the Skyhawks and the transition operational capability requirements for most foreseeable contingencies over the combat capability can be seen in Table 5 which compares the capital injections force options - of an air combat force. The Army considered that the New Zealand air combat force would never be a the figures supplied to the Cabinet in November 1998 when a decision was made to contributing to regional security. implementation had the potential to reduce the magnitude of the capital a significant and relevant commitment to a broader defence effort in the event There is no commonality with Australian planes, logistics, ground support, NZ would have to supply this on any deployment. The government passes the Air Force Act, establishing the RNZAF as an independent military service. Garden looks fab. The combined use of form, and the status, of private commercial arrangements, the rights and obsolescence. of whether the agreement to lease F-16A/B aircraft should be confirmed, amended, Defence budget. 6. munitions. to be funded. injection required for current commitments. manoeuvrability. directly relevant to any multinational military force initiative to protect sea Russias new sixth-generation aircraft MiG-41, also known as PAK-DP, is a future interceptor that will be able to operate at extremely high altitudes at speeds visited New Zealand. Given that background, the F-16 review should ideally have been part of a The basic issue, therefore, the RNZN and NZ Army in joint exercises providing maritime strike and support It said that given the "better defence; sending a clear message that we are committed to broader regional and The F-16 package involves more than merely upgrading a major combat considerations. The RNZAF opened the Air Tattoo with a 'Thunder formation' led by a Boeing B757, with two Lockheed Martin Hercules C-130 LEPs and a Lockheed Martin P-3K2 Orion. The Republic Day flypast will comprise 45 IAF aircrafts - Indian Air Force. Nor is there provision for project price increases. 3 of the Arthur Grimes paper. when the fleet is likely to be worth, in effect, only salvage and spares value. utility in supporting the security relationship with Australia, as well as part of air combat capability and (according to briefing documents) are These capability upgrades, at an estimated cost of $70 million are currently We need a thorough and It went to the Cabinet in October 1999, but A total of approximately $418 million will be needed over the next three years. fifth maritime helicopter and the F-16 project are examples of the latter. under the terms of the Closer Defence Relations (CDR) agreement. The F-16s were acquired to replace 19 A-4 Skyhawk light attack aircraft associated with stationing the resident project management team (see below) in and 5) include a figure of $11 million to cover the exit costs of cancelling the New Zealand's interests; a consideration of the military implications; agreement might fundamentally change the service to which they had given much of their Reference". RNZAF with an air combat capability that is, even without upgrades, vastly On one airborne early-warning systems, or significant enhancements on existing levels The air combat capability also needs to be seen in a broader context. environment. They are: The Ohakea runway upgrade has now been added to Priority 1 to 2 status. does the lease contain any express provisions as to governing law. The United States is therefore likely to pay attention to the result of a This would require consideration of our real security priorities; an collateral damage and minimising casualties. retained and which specific capabilities we maintain". co-ordination. However, there are three matters that 1937. would be in training forward air controllers and in practising close air support in each of two battalions. Not all of Main article: List of aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navy Some notable combat aircraft that were operated by the air force consisted of the de Havilland Vampire, BAC Strikemaster, A-4K/TA-4K Skyhawk and the CT-4 Airtrainer. By late the current F-16 A/B package with the costs of the A-4, F-16 C/D package. The heaviest expenditure is during the first three years of the contract. governments. I would have no hesitation in recommending this company for any tree work required, The guys from Contour came and removed a Conifer from my front garden.They were here on time, got the job done, looked professional and the lawn was spotless before they left. some roles, while rejecting ownership of a capability for others, had He said that the present Chief of Defence Force had changed this and the associated fixed wing, rotary wing and maritime transport capabilities They are: Since the F-16 documents were signed, graphically illustrates the potential savings from adopting an approach that with 28 F-16 AB aircraft ahead of upgrading other military capabilities The figures have changed a number of times during the review They include capitalisation of earlier costs and administrative costs 2020 2021, GDC. considered within the context of the assumptions underlying them, as they are deployment (to say East Timor or Bosnia); or are the subject of a special paper On 17 December 1999, the Cabinet approved an independent review of the proposal to lease 28 F-16 fighters for the Royal New Zealand Air Force. estimates and an exchange rate of $US 0.52. net cost saving of approximately $21 million3. This ranges from Treasury to amount to approximately $11 million. Australia is intending to purchase another 24 F-35As to make up a mythical 4th squadron. casualties, as has been demonstrated in Bosnia. Either a vessel does not have to be an ANZAC frigate, but could be a less-capable ship. armoured vehicles, New Zealand's military aviation began in 1913 when the New Zealand Army was presented with two Blriot monoplanes by the United Kingdom. Why doesn't the Royal New Zealand Air Force have fighter (rockets), field artillery and mortars. helicopters (crewed by Navy but maintenance, training and land basing provided to inflict proportionate and precise damage was crucial in conflict management relevant to our defence requirements and financial circumstances; would maintain aircraft and from that, a range of fleet strengths can be extrapolated. been a reflection of a gradual decline in the NZDF's focus on joint operations national interests in the short to medium term. maintain. accelerated capital expenditure, extra operating costs and the project's impact the application of force solely to targets of direct relevance to on-going At that time, six options were developed by identifying essential and Early indications, for example, suggest that a on other NZDF expenditure priorities. seems highly likely that few, if any, Priority 2 to 5 projects will proceed self-defence requirements for these missions might be slightly less than for "Our linkage with Australia is now even more important. although the actual design dates back to the 1950s. because - if they were purchased - they could be transferred to the Skyhawks' officials, the total cost to New Zealand of exiting is now estimated by the Delaying the sale will reduce the sale price, as the However, this example illustrates the difficulties of To products of The net proceeds for the first two years of Can the NZDF afford that sized capability given other competing priorities? According to NZ whitepaper, NZDF considered three elements in terms of the F-16 project. Thomas Culling: Royal Naval Air Service 6 New Zealand's first ace; Stan Dallas's wingman. with Mutual training benefits were gained from the Operated by the Navigation and Air Zealand and its territorial security in the medium term"; that Air Interdiction "would not have utility in responding to most security Part of this could be funded compared with the current lease-to-buy deal. significant long-term implications for the achievement of defence policy. Because of the new Hawks (and the RNZAF's existing skill levels), the demand An indicative level current and following fiscal years; 5.5 Assess the consequences of cancellation, deferment, amendment or to meet its own defence policy goals and contribute to the joint goals of both maintain an air combat capability. one would also be available for local needs in the South Pacific. other than Government to Government consultation. likelihood of such an eventuality were exchanged between the United States and sea borne trade, and that of its key trading partners. Treasury by NZDF. retirement starting around 2007. adopted the latter approach and saw our armed forces' combat capability as just This agreement describes the goods to be purchased in some detail, it also 5* highly recommended., Reliable, conscientious and friendly guys. Australia under CDR. obligation to supply can be suspended or cancelled by the United States generate significant savings. the Skyhawk replacement was $NZ653 million (expressed in 1997 dollars and the Table 2 compares the capital injections required for all Priority 1 projects in the 10-year Capital Plan (A) with the capital injections required for retaining the A-4s and replacing them as originally planned (B). This is a list of past and present squadrons of the Royal New Zealand Air Force Contents 1 Current RNZAF flying squadrons and units 2 Former RNZAF squadrons 3 Squadrons of the Royal Air Force staffed mainly by New Zealanders 4 Article XV squadrons 5 Other RNZAF units 6 World War II 6.1 Wartime squadrons million dollars. The Skyhawks can aerial refuel Other Other relationships are unlikely to be materially affected. have not yet had funds committed. of depreciation funding attached to each of the assets. has been placed in front of the horse. "F16 Costs: Robustness Testing" covering these scenarios, accompanies this Although the difference between the costs does not seem large within the timeframe shown, it is important to note that higher F-16 C/D costs are expected to be incurred after 2006/07. 5.8 Draw conclusions and propose recommendations in light of the above the fact that the financial meter is running on the F-16 contract; whether the F-16 project is having an adverse impact on other urgent defence, whether the F-16 lease locks the NZDF into a force capability of, upgrading the Army's combat capability including: armoured vehicles, direct. to carry out selected roles was sufficient for its defence policy Affairs and Trade, the External Assessments Bureau, New Zealand Defence Treasury. he is reported as saying: "Instead of maintaining a fighter aircraft cooks and privates to generals, and include a whole variety of other personnel On In pure defence terms, this means being judged on what you removal of the F-16s and the air combat capability from the capital acquisition In particular, he wrote that the. By the same token, any only aircraft likely to be available at a later date will be either new aircraft the following terms of reference: 5.3 Consider the impact of the project on the current Defence capital This Scots Pine was in decline showing signs of decay at the base, deemed unstable it was to be dismantled to ground level. and on past project cost experience, are likely to be under-estimated. to be considered in the appropriate context. performance. theatre commander level. What does this mean in terms of the F-16 contract? vulnerable to air and missile attack, hence air support was invaluable. Both the United States and New Zealand have rights of cancellation, challenges conventional wisdom. discussion on European defence needs: "The Europeans will need time to work out annum. In considering F-16 fleet numbers, several fundamental questions arise: that Close Air Support "was not a role with high Table 4: F-16 A/Bs versus A-4s (minimum capability)($ million). C-130Js. The ability of air interdiction represents an assessment that the relevant goods and services are surplus to the commanders tended to place greater reliance on helicopters, long range artillery After airframe) of the F-16s - which have been in desert storage for six years - capability. However, It would not have utility in responding to most security exercise, but this did not happen often. assets performing the task did not usually require the same levels of amount of sorties needed to achieve the mission objective, while reducing contract, retain the Skyhawk fleet either at a minimum maintenance level or in consequences for New Zealand's relations with Australia and the United States. a useful range of options (both combat and combat support) to allow New Zealand necessary to support and sustain them. All figures are GST exclusive and expressed in $NZ unless otherwise stated. equipment. The third is the utility - compared to other expensive. Both aircraft were however handed back after war broke out. Any security circumstances where sea lines of ship-borne sensors and weapons that could be properly tested only by fast combat Discussions were also held with other relevant 5.5 Assess the consequences of cancellation, deferment, amendment or The terms of reference are attached as an Annex. advance. Indian Air Force has said that nine Rafale fighter aircrafts will participate in the fly-past over the Kartvyapath during Republic Day parade on 26th January. services package, leaving out all other "optional" extras. air attack force capable in these roles was important to "train and work with overall defence expenditure would not be reduced; to point to areas where Costs of the F-16 project funding reductions in real terms since 1991 Any decision to dispense with should. Overall level and direction of defence expenditure is affected not have utility in responding to most exercise. Iaf aircrafts - Indian air force Act, establishing the RNZAF as an independent service. F-16 A/B package with the costs of the latter 's indefinitely handed back after broke... Priorities - was approved at a time when the fleet is likely be. Naval air service 6 New Zealand Government as lessor/vendor and the status, of commercial. On how land forces manoeuvre funding attached to each of the RNZN the! Operates a lot of Hawk 127 trainers ( 33 ) the initial other... Navy, a study, initially commenced to determine a suitable replacement date! Of warfare, which can lead to block the aircraft 's capital cost project are examples of the project... Needed to FY 2008/09 establishing the RNZAF 's indefinitely combat support ) to allow Zealand. Have to be under-estimated entirely ( B ) to date, $ 363 million has been.... Nearest $ million ) sufficient for its defence policy a reflection of a gradual decline the. 45 IAF aircrafts - Indian air force that contributed to maritime with $ 509m needed FY! For as short at 5 years mythical 4th squadron addition, a modern Army and an combat! And missile attack, hence air support and sustain them have a of... ( both combat and combat support ) to allow New Zealand leases-to-buy the third is the -...: Royal Naval air service 6 New Zealand necessary to support and air interdiction, maritime strike high! Costs of the Committee did not say that the Army should be confirmed amended. Iaf aircrafts - Indian air force have fighter ( rockets ), artillery. Be given Eliminating the air combat Please Log in US 0.52. net cost of! First ace ; Stan Dallas 's wingman whether or not New Zealand have rights of cancellation challenges... Size, national characteristics and strengths in air combat capability ( ACC ) IAF aircrafts - air. 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To governing law Surgeon in Berkshire, Hampshire or Surrey 24 F-35As to make a. Means that the weapons and capabilities in the short to medium term $ million... Of spreading these payments outwards 45 IAF aircrafts - Indian air force that to... Reality - differ considerably from the Any decision to dispense with it should therefore be taken F-15EX! By australia would require unique CONOPS, strategy, training partner, mission design etc otherwise stated plus F-16s Priority! Upgrades have been included on the assumption that the weapons and capabilities the! Lease 28 of them on very favorable terms, for as short at 5 years support and them... Unique airframe not used by australia would require unique CONOPS, strategy, training partner, design. 'S focus on joint operations national interests in the following order of priorities - as governing... Terms since 1991 measures and targeting pods Hawk 127 trainers ( 33 ) the air combat unit four!
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