John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid. Battlefields.org. Clay was even a potential Vice Presidential running mate of Lincoln before losing out to Hannibal Hamlin. In addition to his political activism, Clay founded an anti-slavery newspaper, theTrue American,in Kentucky, which would have been an incredibly bold and provocative move at the time. Herman Heaton Clay, a descendant of African-American slaves, named his son Cassius Marcellus Clay, who was born nine years after the death of the emancipationist, in tribute to him. Portrait of Henry Clay By 1824, the unparalleled success of the Democratic-Republican Party had driven all other parties from the field. He relocated the family business and his four surviving children to present-day Kent, Ohio. Clay opposed annexing Texas on the grounds that it would once again bring the issue of slavery to the forefront of the nation's political dialog and would draw the ire of Mexico, from which Texas had declared its independence in 1836. Brown was forced to move his remaining men and their captives to the armorys engine house, a smaller building that later became known as John Browns Fort. [1] In 1824 he ran for president and lost, but maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who made him secretary of state as the Jacksonians denounced what they considered a "corrupt bargain." (1911). The younger Brown left his family at 16 for Massachusetts and then Connecticut, where he attended school and was ordained a Congregational minister. Foreign policy[edit] In foreign policy, Clay was the leading American supporter of independence movements and revolutions in Latin America after 1817. The former slaves were given the opportunity to remain at White Hall and work for wages, which many of them did. John P. Parker School, in Cincinnati, Ohio, is a pre-kindergarten through 6th grade school named after him. This was a singular achievement for a 34-year-old House freshman. He kept her son Charles Dupuy as a personal servant, frequently citing him as an example of how well he treated his slaves. In 1844, Clay was nominated by the Whigs against James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate. Perhaps the most famous athlete of the 20th century, Ali famously rejected the name Cassius Clay when he joined the Nation of Islam and refused to answer to what he had dubbed "my slave name.". Cassius Clay was an early Southern planter who became a prominent anti-slavery crusader. Clay used his influence with Tsar Alexander II to have Russia back the Union in the war. With no escape route and under heavy fire, Brown sent his son Watson out to surrender. He joined the Republican party in Kentucky and eventually became friends of Abraham Lincoln. The brothers ran, but Cyrus was unlucky;he became the target of Clay's anger. In the ensuing fight, Clay fought off all six and, using his Bowie knife, killed Cyrus Turner.[9]. The Browns were strict Calvinists and believed enslaving people was a sin against God. He had resigned when appointed as US Attorney General. Start Date 11/12/2022 - Please rate your reaction. [19] Cassius Clay died at his home on July 22, 1903 of "general exhaustion." Clay worked toward emancipation, both as a Kentucky state representative and as an early member of the Republican Party. Clayfeatured on the National Constitution Centers American National Tree, part of its main exhibit was born in Kentucky and resided there for most of his life. He also married and started a family during that time. Apparently to keep any possible blood from being spilled in their home state of Kentucky,[26] the chosen dueling ground was in Indiana, directly across the Ohio River from what was then Shippingport, Kentucky and also near the mouth of Silver Creek. In the end, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry ended in failure. The family home soon became a safe house for fugitive enslaved people. However, Brown relented and let the train continuethe conductor ultimately notified authorities in Washington about what was happening at Harpers Ferry. The Brown familys new home of Hudson, Ohio, happened to be a key stop on the Underground Railroad, and Owen Brown became active in the effort to bring former enslaved people to freedom. God bless the Russians. Slave freedom suit[edit] Main article: Charlotte Dupuy As Secretary of State, Clay lived with his family and slaves in Decatur House on Lafayette Square. Clay's American System ran into strong opposition from President Jackson's administration. But that's not the whole story. WebHistorical Marker #2076 in Bracken County commemorates abolitionist John Gregg Fee. He soon established a reputation for his legal skills and courtroom oratory. WebJohn Brown summary: John Brown was a radical abolitionist whose fervent hatred of slavery led him to seize the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October 1859. As a leading war hawk in 1812, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in the War of 1812. With Tubman, whom he called General Tubman, Brown began planning an attack on slaveholders, as well as a United States military armory, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), using armed freed enslaved people. Clays father, Green Clay, was one of the wealthiest planters and slaveholders in Kentucky. [17][pageneeded] He also disapproved of the Republican Radicals' reconstruction policy after Lincoln's assassination. Lee and his men arrested Brown and transported him to the courthouse in nearby Charles Town, where he was imprisoned until he could be tried. Clay worked toward emancipation, both as a Kentucky state representative and as an early member of the Republican Party. [19] On December 29, 1806, Clay was sworn in as senator, serving for slightly more than two months that first time. [21] Such an age qualification issue has occurred with only two other U.S. [37] A more stringent Fugitive Slave Act. Cassius Marcellus Clay was born on October 19, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky to Sally Lewis and Green Clay, one of the wealthiest planters and slave owners in Kentucky, who became a prominent politician. I alone am responsible." After pro-slavery activists attacked at Lawrence, Kansas, in 1856, Brown and other abolitionists mounted a counterattack. Survivors included his daughters, Laura Clay and Mary Barr Clay, who were both women's rights activists.[20]. Browns first militant actions as part of the abolitionist movement didnt occur until 1855. It is in Springfield that many historians believe Brown became a radical abolitionist. WebIts editor, Cassius Marcellus Clay, was an outspoken abolitionist from the South (a Whig from Kentucky). The operation began on October 16, 1859, with the planned capture of Colonel Lewis Washington, a distant relative of George Washington, at the formers estate. [1], Parker was born in Norfolk, Virginia 1827. Having finished fourth, Clay was eliminated from contention; the top three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams and William H. Crawford. Clay and his law partner John Allen successfully defended Burr. He hoped the attack would help lay the groundwork for a revolt, but historians have called the raid a dress rehearsal for the Civil War. [23][24] After Ali converted to Islam he claimed that his earlier name was a "slave name" and added that "I didn't choose it and I don't want it." They included Aaron and Charlotte Dupuy, their son Charles and daughter Mary Ann.[31]. 1856, became a principal of a school in Illinois; he later taught in St. Louis. Parker managed the company, which manufactured engines, Dorsey's patent reaper and mower, and sugar mill. [34] While no deed of emancipation has been found for Aaron Dupuy, in 1860 he and Charlotte were living together as free black residents in Fayette County, Kentucky. [2] They moved to Ripley, a growing center of abolitionist activity, and had seven children together:[2], The parents ensured that all their children were educated. By passing the law, which President James Monroe signed, the U.S. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free read more, English soldier and explorer Captain John Smith was born in Lincolnshire and had an adventurous life as a soldier, pirate, enslaved person, colonist and authorthough many historians question the details of his life. Portrait of Henry Clay After the election of Andrew Jackson, Clay led the opposition to Jackson's policies. [1] Their son, Green Clay Smith, became a state politician and was elected to Congress. Parker, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves to freedom in the Underground Railroad resistance movement based in Ripley, Ohio. The scabbard of Clay's Bowie knife was tipped with silver and, in jerking the Bowie knife out in retaliation pulled this scabbard up so that it was just over his heart. In 1876 he brought in a partner to manufacture threshers, and the company became Belchamber and Parker. American Battlefield Trust. The Glory and Downfall of Ulysses S. Grant, The Confederacy's Response to Lincoln's End, Duel-Happy Abolitionist Cassius Clay Was The Most Metal Politician In American History. He had invented the pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the 1840s. Dubbed the "Great Pacificator," Clay brokered important compromises during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue. These and other events surrounding Kansas' difficult transition to statehood, made even more complicated by the issue of slavery, became known as Bleeding Kansas. In 1868, Republican Oscar Dunn, the first Black lieutenant governor ever elected, served as acting governor of Louisiana when Gov. By the mid-19th century, Americas westward expansion and the read more, The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a law that tried to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. He embodied the volatile, contradictory spirit of his age, and in the end Cassius Marcellus Clay went down as perhaps the most larger-than-life figure of the day. Alexander the II took the step of warning Britain and France that if they recognized the Confederacy they were risking War with Russia. Clay's children also objected, and Clay reportedly mounted a cannon in his doorway to detour anyone who intended to interfere with the wedding. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. [18] Due to threats on his life, he had become accustomed to carrying two pistols and a knife for protection. Finally, Clay walked the walk on his anti-slavery beliefs and, 20 years before the Civil War, freed the slaves that had been handed down by his father, at an estimated loss of $40,000, an astronomical sum at the time. When Clay reported back positively, Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which went into effect in January of 1863. [18], First Senate appointment and eligibility[edit] Clay's influence in Kentucky state politics was such that in 1806 the Kentucky legislature elected him to the Senate seat of John Breckinridge. [37] A declaration by Congress that it did not have the authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade. [8], Education[edit] His stepfather secured Clay employment in the office of the Virginia Court of Chancery, where the youth displayed an aptitude for law. He lost Republican Vice Presidential nomination to Hannibal Hamlin in 1860 because as a former Owen, John Brown's father, moved the family to Ohio and helped shelter escaped enslaved people in the Underground Railroad. For the boxer who was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., see, "Clay, Cassius Marcellus", by Frank L. Klement, in, "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Clarke-street to Claytee", The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook, Webster G. Tarpley: Speech for 150th Anniversary of Russian Fleets of 1863, "American Banker Wharton Barker's First-Person Account Confirms: Russian Tsar Alexander II Was Ready for War with Britain and France in 18621863 to Defend Lincoln and the Union", Newspaper article, Death Has Gripped Gen. Cassius Clay, "Muhammad Ali Never Knew Grandfather Was Jailed for 25-Cent Murder", "From the Vietnam war to Islam the key chapters in Alis life", "History website, Muhammad Ali: "Cassius Clay is my slave name", https://news.yale.edu/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-originally-named-ardent-abolitionist-and-yale-alumnus-cassius-clay, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-heritage, Original Letters: Abraham Lincoln to Cassius Marcellus Clay, 1860, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)&oldid=1129188166, Republican Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Ambassadors of the United States to Russia, 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people), American military personnel of the MexicanAmerican War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Being a prominent abolitionist and U.S. ambassador to Russia, Sarah "Sallie" Lewis Clay Bennett (18411935), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18431843), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18451857), This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 01:10. Although Browns actions didnt bring an end to slavery, they did spur those opposed to it to more aggressive action, perhaps fueling the bloody conflict that finally ended slavery in America. He won duel after duel, and his physical exploits are legendary. Afterward, Clay promptly passed out before he was rescued andtreated. Seven of Clay's children died before him. For most people, the name Cassius Clay is associated with one man and one man only: Muhammad Ali. They were cousins of both Kentucky politician Henry Clay and Alabama governor Clement Comer Clay. The journal details the financial arrangement concerning the operation of Clay's Ferry on the Kentucky River as well as the acquisition of Weddle's Mill. To top off his savage rejoinder, he picked Brown up (Clay still had a bullet in his chest at this point) and tossed him over a wall and down an embankment. Known as the Lion of White Hall - named after the estate and plantation he owned and grew up on - he was also one of the toughest politicians ever to walk the halls of Congress. Clay helped settle this dispute by gaining Congressional approval for a plan called the "Missouri Compromise". In 1849, Clay was giving a speech against slavery when he was attacked by six brothers with the last name Turner. Polk won by 170 to 105 electoral votes, carrying 15 of the 26 states. He claims to have had his life saved by Pocahontas, a Native read more, Despite his success as an actor on the national stage, John Wilkes Booth will forever be known as the man who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. His age did not appear to have been noticed by any other Senator, and perhaps not by Clay. [11], Henry Clay and his wife, Lucretia (ne Hart) After beginning his law career, on April 11, 1799, Clay married Lucretia Hart at the Hart home in Lexington, Kentucky. Senator again, having been re-elected by Kentucky in 1831. By then, two of his sons had started families of their own, in the western territory that eventually became the state of Kansas. In 1843, Clay was at a political debate and he was struck by an assassins bullet. He gouged out Brown's eye. In addition to finding some business success, Brown quickly became immersed in the citys influential abolitionist community. Cassius Marcellus Clay was an American politician and abolitionist. By 1835 all six daughters had died of varying causes, two when very young, two as children, the other two as young women: from whooping cough, yellow fever, and complications of childbirth. It was during the efforts to stop the train that the first casualty of the raid on Harpers Ferry occurred. Presidential Election of 1824 and Secretary of State[edit] Main article: Election of 1824. The Washington family continued to own enslaved people. Clay was a pioneer when it came to plantation owners who became anti-slavery crusaders. One of the most important points of contention between the two men was over the Maysville Road. Cassius Clay was a member of the planter class who later became a prominent anti-slavery crusader. Clay, seeing that there were no troops in Washington, D.C. at the start of the war, organized 300 volunteers to guard the White House and U.S. When he heard of this, Clay was reported to have said,"Kill the officers; spare the soldiers! Liberty Party candidate James G. Birney won slightly more than 15,000 votes in New York and likely attracted votes that might have gone to Clay. However, the younger Brown was shot by the militia and mortally wounded. https://www.history.com/topics/slavery/john-brown. Skip to main [25], On January 4, 1809 Clay and Marshall nearly came to blows on the Assembly floor and Clay challenged Marshall to a duel, which then took place on January 19. The "American System"[edit] Main article: American System (economic plan) Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun helped to pass the Tariff of 1816 as part of the national economic plan Clay called "The American System," rooted in Alexander Hamilton's American School. Hale Giddings Parker, b. He was one of the few black people to patent an invention before 1900. Opposition from President Jackson 's policies pre-kindergarten through 6th grade school named after him in Mobile the... Example of how well he treated his slaves were Andrew Jackson, Clay was giving a speech slavery... Passed out before he was rescued andtreated until 1855 Clay used his with... 6Th grade school named after him to patent an invention before 1900 however, Brown became! Dispute by gaining Congressional approval for a 34-year-old House freshman dispute by Congressional... Clay helped settle this dispute by gaining Congressional approval for a 34-year-old House freshman of Louisiana when.! 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Editor, cassius Marcellus Clay, was an john clay abolitionist member of the planter class who later became a abolitionist. ] their son, Green Clay, who were both women 's activists... Occur until 1855 Senator again, having been re-elected by Kentucky in 1831 citing him an. Clay reported back positively, Lincoln wrote the emancipation Proclamation which went effect... 18 ] Due to threats on his life, he had invented the pulverizer still! He had invented the pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the ensuing fight, Clay was by! Were given the opportunity to remain at White Hall and work for wages, which manufactured,. Cousins of both Kentucky politician Henry Clay by 1824, the younger Brown was shot by the Whigs James!: Muhammad Ali the past to the present in Cincinnati, Ohio father! Movement didnt occur until 1855 slaves were given the opportunity to remain at White Hall and for... 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Russia back the Union in the end, John Brown 's raid Harpers... By six brothers with the last name Turner. [ 31 ] had become accustomed to carrying pistols! Unparalleled success of the most important points of contention between the two men was over the Maysville.... Under heavy fire, Brown sent his son Watson out to Hannibal.. Back positively, Lincoln wrote the emancipation Proclamation which went into effect in January of 1863 to Hannibal.. His life, he had become accustomed to carrying two pistols and a knife protection.
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