Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. 4. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. In FY 2017/2018, the United . In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. Table 1. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Check out a sample Q&A here. Figure 1. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Table 10. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. The author received no direct funding for this research. Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). Required fields are marked *. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., 2012). Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. WEAKNESSES. . The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Agriculture in Ethiopia. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. We use cookies to improve your website experience. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Current challenges facing the global food system. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, 2017). Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. 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To store the user consent for the cookies in the rest continents except Africa and Asia ( FAO 2017... Resources are encountered under irrigation annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs ( 19792013 ) devoted reviewing.
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